建构我国公证证据规则思考
朱樾
一、由“莫兆军事件”引发建立我国公证证据规则的思考
两年前的“莫兆军事件”曾在我国司法界引起强烈震动。2001年9月，广东省四会市法院法官莫兆军开庭审理李兆兴告张坤石夫妇等4人借款1万元经济纠纷案，当时李持有张夫妇等人写的借条，虽张辩称借条是由李等人持刀威逼所写，但未能提供相应证据。莫兆军经过审理，认为无证据证明借条是在威逼的情况下写的，于是认为借条有效，遂判处被告应予还钱。同年11月，张坤石夫妇在四会市法院外喝农药自杀身亡。事发后，经公安查证老夫妇所述确实，莫兆军以涉嫌玩忽职守罪被捕受审。消息传出，舆论一片哗然。沿袭“死人为大”陈旧习俗，各媒体充斥对莫兆军的谴责，《葫芦僧判断葫芦案现代版》等火药味十足的文章和标题随处可见。尽管如此，肇庆市中级人民法院却对莫兆军作出了无罪的判决；今年夏天广东省高级人民法院驳回检察院的抗诉意见，维持一审的无罪判决。这一起令社会、尤其是司法界关注的案件终于尘埃落定，但是这起案件让人们得到一些启示。
作为一名公证员，我自然联想起这些年来那些因采信虚假或不实证据造成公证文书发生错误而被媒体曝光的事件，这些事件中的经办公证员无一幸免，悉数卷入旋涡，并均以被处分、包括受刑事处分作为结局。从“问题”的严重程度看，当属莫兆军为过：公证员采信虚假证据，证件材料在形式上无疑义，也无人提出异议，但莫兆军采信证据时，则有当事人当庭提出异议，此为一；其次，当事人提出李等人“持刀威逼”的行为属刑事犯罪，按有些人的说法“莫兆军理应引起重视”，公证员则无此“麻木”问题；第三，莫兆军采信错误证据的结果是造成两名当事人死亡，而公证文书尚未造成致人死亡这样严重的后果。但处理的结果又为何如此的迥然不同，究其原因，法院对莫兆军作出无罪判决，依据的是我国民事诉讼证据规则。我国民事诉讼证据规则明确民事诉讼活动“谁主张谁举证”的原则，任何一方无法举证证明自己的主张就必须承担举证不能的败诉结果。据此，莫兆军在被告未就其主张的借据是受原告胁迫而写提出相应的证据的情况下，作出不利于被告的判决是符合民事法律证据规则要求的。此外，根据最高人民法院规定，“出现新证据而改变裁判”的情形不属于追究错案责任的范围。因此，虽然事后证实莫兆军所作的判决结果与客观事实不符，新闻媒体、检察机关甚至部分法官在事后提出了大量不无道理的“应当”，但这一切均不能成为莫兆军有罪的理由。反观公证，我们发现公证竟然没有证据规则！由于没有证据规则可援引，更没有免责规定可依照，公证员采信的证据如有问题，他难以自证其已尽责，即使社会有认为他已尽责的意见和应当免责的呼声，也不足以与那些“应当”的理由相抗衡，他得根据由公证文书造成的后果和那“应当”呼声的强烈程度承担“应当承担的责任”。这在社会信用程度不高的今天，公证员无疑成了一种风险极高的职业，安全根本得不到保障。因为这种风险是公证员依自身谨慎、努力所无法克服。难怪有公证员作出这样的“总结”：现在每多办一件公证，就是往自己身上多安装上一颗定时炸弹。
当然，没有证据规则，远不只是公证员的职业风险问题。《中华人民共和国公证暂行条例》（下称《条例》）规定，公证得证明法律行为、有法律意义的文书和事实的真实性和合法性。公证要实现这一任务，必须有一定的程序作保障；而要保证公证事项的真实性，严格的证据规则则是必不可少的。没有证据规则，证据采信标准不确定，势必造成公证员各自根据其知识、经验、能力甚至是性格来决定如何取证和采证的局面，公证事项的真实性当然得不到保证，公证文书也就无法担当民诉法规定的“人民法院应当作为认定事实的根据”，从而公证就失去存在的必要，我国年轻的公证制度生命危殆！这才是问题严重性之所在。
二、我国公证证据制度现状
（一）我国公证远未形成证据规则，有的只是少量、零星的关于证据收集、审查的原则性要求。
1、我国公证法规、规章有关公证证据规定的内容。
我国有关公证证据的规定，分别见于《条例》和《公证程序规则》（下称《规则》）及司法部制定的具体公证业务程序细则、办法、规定。
（1）作为我国具有公证法意义的《条例》，对证据问题有两项规定，即第十八条“公证员必须审查当事人的身份和行使权利、履行义务的能力；审查当事人申请公证的事实和文书以及有关文件是否真实、合法。”和第十九条“公证处对当事人提供的证明，认为不完备或有疑义时，有权通知当事人作必要的补充或者向有关单位、个人调查，索取有关证件和材料”。
（2）司法部颁布的目前我国公证办证程序规定中最具权威的《规则》，依据《条例》第十八、十九条，就证据的审查问题作四项规定：
一是第二十二条“公证人员应当通过询问证人、调取书证、物证、视听资料、现场勘验、进行鉴定等方式，认真收集证据”；
二是第二十三条“公证处应当重点审查当事人的人数、身份、资格和民事行为能力，需公证的行为、事实或文书的内容是否真实、合法，当事人提供的证明材料是否真实、充分”；
三是第二十五条“公证处认为当事人提供的证据材料不完备或有疑义的，应通知当事人作必要的补充或向有关单位、个人调查索取有关证明材料，并有权到现场作实地调查”；
四是第二十六条“公证人员外出调查，除调取书证外，应由两名公证人员共同进行。特殊情况只能由一名公证人员进行调查的，应有一名见证人在场，见证人应在笔录上签名”。
（3）司法部已发布的具体公证业务办证程序细则、办法、规定，只是根据我国民法通则有关民事法律行为主体、代理和财产所有权的规定，就对当事人的主体资格、代理权和财产处分权的审查和确认，规定当事人应向公证处提交身份、法人资格、委托书、监护权、财产所有权等证件和材料；另加一项“大口袋”规定：“公证员认为应当提交的其他材料”。
所有这些，基本上就是我国现有公证法规、规章有关公证证据采信问题的全部规定。
2、我国公证法规、规章有关公证证据规定的缺陷。
综上，我国现有公证法规、规章有关公证证据的规定作为证据规则是很不完善的，从公证实践的要求来看，存在严重缺陷：
（1）过于原则，缺乏可操作性。表现在，一是规定公证员必须审查申请公证的事实和文书以及有关文件是否真实、合法，但对如何审查则未作规定；二是规定公证人员对当事人提供的证明，认为不完备或有疑义的，应通知当事人作必要的补充或者向有关单位、个人进行调查核实，但对不完备或有疑义的情形未作规定；三是规定公证人员应当通过与当事人谈话、审阅相关证件材料和调查核实的形式和手段对公证事项的真实性进行审查，其中谈话和审阅材料是必经程序，调查核实是选择性程序，但对何种情况下必须进行调查核实或可不进行调查核实情形未作规定。
（2）避难就易，无助于公证人员对公证事项真实性的把握。现有规定就对当事人的主体资格、代理权和财产处分权的审查和确认，明确当事人应向公证处提交的证件和材料，这是必要的。但就工作的难易程度来说，相对于对公证事项真实性的审查和确认，对当事人的主体资格、代理权和财产处分权的审查和确认是比较容易的，因为在这方面有相关法律文件可供对照，如身份证、户口本、营业执照、房产证等等。对公证事项真实性的审查确认难度较大，因大多有法律意义的事实无相应的法律文件可供证明，而由当事人所在居委会、村委会、单位、仍至个别职能部门出具的证明，其真实性很难保证，对此种情况现有的规范性文件却未作规定。
（3）未采用一般证据规则的通例，对可直接采信的证据及其范围作出规定。按一般证据规则，职能部门依其职能所出具的专业文件应当作为认定事实的依据，如公安机关发放的居民身份证、户口本，法院的生效法律文书，医院发给的出生证，学校发给的毕业证，房管部门发给的房产证、会计事务所出具的验资报告等等。而在有关公证规范中对此既无列举，又无概括性规定，使证据资源得不到合理、充分的运用，加重公证人员调查的负担和责任。虽然这些文件也有发生错误的可能，但若因此而怀疑一切则是毫无道理的，而且依公证处及公证人员的职责、权限及能力，要去检查这类文件是否存在问题，既不合法也不可行。
凡此种种不一一列举，但由此我们即可清楚地看到，我国目前有关公证证据的规定内容太少，过于原则和粗放，缺少有效的针对性；从整体上看，公证证据规定规范的面较窄，无系统性。在我国没有公证证据规则，严格地讲，我国目前甚至连公证证据基本要求也不存在。这与我国目前公证制度的性质、地位、作用及公证工作的规模是极不相称的。
（二）我国公证目前实行的是公证员“自由心证”证据制度。
“自由心证”本是一种诉讼活动中的证据采信制度，是指法官和陪审员在审判活动中不由法律事先规定，而运用自己具有的人类普遍认知能力来自由评断具体案件中各种证据的证明力的制度。这里用 “自由心证”一词来说明我国公证目前证据采信的基本状况，是十分贴切的，这为我们现有的公证法规和规范性文件所充分体现。
1、现有的公证法规和规范性文件规定了公证员对公证事项真实性进行审查的职责，但未规定公证员对公证事项进行审查所应遵循的证据原则，公证员对公证事项的审查无规则可循，客观上形成公证员只能依自己的经验、知识、甚至是感觉对公证事项的真实性进行审查和作出判断的潜规则。
2、现有公证法规和规范性文件规定，公证员对公证事项的审查有对当事人进行谈话、要求当事人提供相关证件材料和进行调查核实三种，但调查不是必经程序，在何种情况下必须对公证事项进行调查核实，在何种情况下对公证事项可不进行调查核实或不必进行调查核实得由公证员依自己的经验、知识、甚至是感觉作出选择和决定。在公证处或公证员认为其所证明的公证事项应当进行调查核实时，调查核实所采用的方式、方法、手段及对调查结果的认定，还是由公证员依个人的经验、知识、甚至是感觉作出选择和决定。
3、现有公证法规和规范性文件规定当事人应向公证处提供相应证件材料，至于“相应”的含义则全由公证员依自己的经验、知识、甚至是感觉进行理解和作出解释。
与一定的公证事项相对应，“相应”一词有时有可“相应”的具体对象。如：办理学习成绩公证，得提供学校出具的学习成绩证明；办理学历公证，得提供学校发给的毕业证书；办理结婚公证，得提供婚姻登记部门发给的结婚证；办理未受过刑事处分公证，得提供所在地公安机关出具的未受过刑事处分证明；办理受过刑事处分公证，得提供法院作出的生效刑事判决书等等。但很多公证事项其“相应”的对象则无法明确。
以办理法定继承公证为例，依我国继承法，当事人向公证处提供的“相应”证件材料应当包括：被继承人生前无遗嘱或无遗赠抚养协议证明，继承人无丧失继承权情况证明，第一顺序（没有第一顺序的为第二顺序）继承人范围证明，被继承人有或无非婚生子女证明，丧偶儿媳对公、婆或丧偶女婿对岳父、岳母尽主要赡养义务证明，丧偶儿媳对公、婆或丧偶女婿对岳父、岳母未尽主要赡养义务证明等。但被继承人生前无遗嘱或无遗赠抚养协议、继承人无丧失继承权情况、被继承人无非婚生子女等事实，除继承人的陈述，就根本没有一个部门或单位所能证明，公证人员有关提供“相应证明”的要求当然也无从提起。至于其他如继承人范围证明，丧偶儿媳对公、婆或丧偶女婿对岳父、岳母尽主要赡养义务证明，丧偶儿媳对公、婆或丧偶女婿对岳父、岳母未尽主要赡养义务证明等，应由哪些部门、单位出具及由哪些部门、单位出具的证明才可采信也难以确定，其可“相应”的证明主体无法明确，证明力具有不确定性。
4、《条例》第十九条“公证处对当事人提供的证明，认为不完备或有疑义时，有权通知当事人作必要的补充或者向有关单位、个人调查，索取有关证件和材料。”的规定，是公证证据采信实行公证员“自由心证”的法律依据和具体阐述 。根据这项规定可知：
（1）当事人申请公证所应提供的具体证明不由法律、法规和规章作出规定，而由公证员根据具体情况作出决定。
（2） 法律、法规和规章不对当事人提供的证明标准和效力作出规定，公证员依其知识和经验对证明的效力作出判断。
（3） 公证员可根据自己的理解，要求当事人补充证件和材料。
（4） 法律、法规和规章不对调查的条件和范围进行规定，而由公证员根据自己对当事人提供的证明的分析判断，作出调查或不调查的决定。
规定写的是公证处，但公证处既无对公证法规和规范性文件的解释权，更无在公证程序规则及公证证据规则方面的建规立章权，而办理公证的主体是公证员，故此处的公证处实为公证员。
应当指出的是，法官的“自由心证”制度主要缘于19世纪下半叶后法国等大陆法系国家法官素质的提高和社会环境的改善。尽管如此，“自由心证”的负面作用时有发生并显而易见。因此，即使在法国、德国这些“自由心证”一度盛行的国家，法官的“自由心证”已不再“自由”，建立证据规则已为当今世界各国诉讼程序的共性。而相对我国目前不容乐观的公证员整体素质和社会环境，实行公证员“自由心证”，产生大量的错证是十分自然的事。
三、我国现有公证证据制度的弊端
1、公证工作在证据规则上处于无章可循状态，致使错假证大量滋生。
我国自公证制度建立以来，由于没有证据规则，在证据的采信问题上一直任由公证员“摸着石头过河”，证据的严密程度严重不足，现有零星、原则的证据规定不足以抑制或制约那些素质不高的公证员对证据的“自由裁量”。在公证实践中，公证员对当事人提供证据的范围、标准及对这些证据的取舍随意性很大，在我国目前社会信用状况不良、公证工作又严重匮乏程序保障机制的情况下，很容易使错假证大量产生。不要说近几年媒体所作的《活人财产竟被公证继承》、《活人在公证书中何以竟成“逝者”》、《公证不公正》等极具渲染性的报道，就这些年我们出具的那些内容失真的涉外公证文书在国际上造成的不良影响，足以说明错假证泛滥的程度了。这对信誉度本身就不很高的我国公证来说，无异于雪上加霜。
2、由于没有具体的证据规则可参照，错假公证无法得以及时发现和纠正。
多年来，不同层次和不同形式的公证质量检查从未间断过，但与错假证在社会上不断被曝光截然不同的是，在各种公证质量检查活动中，从未发现过公证事项所采用的证据不真实的问题。“只要问题不暴露，公证事项就不存在收集、采信证据不当的问题”，这已成为业内人士的“共识”。此盖因我国现有的公证证据制度既没有明确办理公证所必需的证件材料种类、形式及出具者的主体资格、层级要求，又没有规定对什么样主体所出具的证明或对涉及哪些内容的证明应当进行调查核实。所以在公证质量检查活动中，对公证卷宗中的证明材料，不论是自然人所作的证词，还是村委会、居委会出具的证明，或是镇政府、派出所出具的证明；不管是设有人事部门的单位出具的证明，还是没有人事部门的单位出具的证明；无论是职能部门出具的证明，还是非职能部门出具的证明；也不问公证事项是否经过调查核实和采用什么方式调查，检查人都无法提出异议。不为他，只为没根据。公证质量检查无法解决公证工作在证据的收集、采信方面存在的问题，及时发现和纠正错假的问题当然无从谈起了。因此形成质量检查年年搞，同样的问题年年出的尴尬局面。
3、由于没有证据规则，造成处理采信不实证据问题的主观随意性，使公证员陷于承担无限责任的不公正境地。
与“只要问题不暴露，公证事项就不存在收集、采信证据不当的问题”截然相反，证据不实的问题一旦被暴露，其结果则是：只要公证事项的真实性存在问题，公证员在采信证据问题上肯定有主观过错，就不存在尽职的可能。
这里有对姐妹例。甲公证员办理一死亡证明公证，经对申请人提供的证明材料进行审查，认为出具死亡证明的医院无论从级别还是正规程度看，应没有问题，证明上医院的印章属实，于是出具了死亡证明公证。后证实，医院的证明是由申请人通过关系开出来的，“死亡事实”虚假。于是有领导指出，办理此公证应去医院向医务人员进行调查核实。若经调查，问题就不会发生；即使有问题，公证员也不须承担责任了，因为他已尽调查的职责。其后另一公证处乙公证员，也是办理死亡证明公证，在去医院向医生调查核实被证明人死亡情况“属实”后，出具了死亡证明公证。不幸的是这个“死亡事实”同样是由医院虚构的。于是又有领导指出，公证员去医院作调查完全是走形式，明显属于疏于履行其职责，哪个单位会说自己出具的证明是假的？此公证事项应去殡仪馆进行调查核实，一查即可水落石出。
依公证程序规则，甲公证员认为医院的证明无疑义并无不当，既认为申请人提供的医院证明无疑义，当然不必再进行调查。乙公证员也无不妥，未发现申请人提供的医院证明有疑义，没有不可调查之说；认为申请人提供的医院证明有疑义，去医院或殡仪馆调查都符合“实地调查”的要求，从被证明人的死亡地点看，医院似乎更符合“实地”的概念。然而在已知“死亡”之事子系乌有的情况下，两位领导的意见显然都很有道理，尤其是后面那位领导提出的调查方法，更有利于保证公证事项真实性。但如加以理性分析，一方面两位领导认定公证员未尽职责而应承担责任缺乏法规、规章根据，领导之言不能代替法规、规章，更不可超越法规、规章；另一方面如对被证明人死亡事的真实性有怀疑，去医院或殡仪馆调查，仍无法排除作假可能，医院不会承认自己出具假证明，可谁又能保证殡仪馆一定不会为当事人作假证呢？当然，从完善证据规则的角度去看，这些意见则是有价值的。
中华人民共和国外国企业所得税法施行细则(附英文)
财政部
中华人民共和国外国企业所得税法施行细则(附英文)
财政部
（一九八二年二月十七日国务院批准）
第一条 本细则依据《中华人民共和国外国企业所得税法》（以下简称税法）第十八条的规定制定。
第二条 税法第一条所说的设立机构，是指外国企业在中国境内设有从事生产、经营的机构、场所或营业代理人。
前款所说的机构、场所，主要包括管理机构、分支机构、代表机构和工厂、开采自然资源的场所以及承包建筑、安装、装配、勘探等工程的场所。
第三条 外国企业同中国企业合作生产、合作经营，除另有规定者外，合作双方应当分别缴纳所得税。
第四条 税法第一条所说的生产、经营所得，是指外国企业从事工、矿、交通运输、农、林、牧、渔、饲养、商业、服务以及其它行业的生产、经营所得。
税法第一条所说的其它所得，是指股息、利息所得，出租或者出售财产所得，转让专利权、专有技术、商标权、版权等项所得，以及其它营业外收益。
第五条 税法第四条所说征收地方所得税的应纳税的所得额，与税法第三条所说的应纳税的所得额相同，都是按照本细则第九条所列公式计算出来的所得额。
第六条 税法第四条第二款所说生产规模小、利润低的企业，是指全年所得额在一百万元以下的外国企业。
第七条 税法第五条所说的利润率低的企业，包括深井开采煤矿资源、利润率低的外国企业。
第八条 外国企业所得税的纳税年度，指公历每年一月一日起，至十二月三十一日止。
外国企业按照前款规定的纳税年度计算有困难的，可以提出申请，报当地税务机关批准后，采用本企业满十二个月的会计年度计算纳税。
第九条 应纳税所得额的计算公式如下：
一、工业：
1．本期生产成本＝本期生产耗用的直接材料＋直接工资＋制造费用
2．本期产品成本＝本期生产成本＋期初半成品、在产品盘存＿期末半成品、在产品盘存
3．产品销售成本＝本期产品成本＋期初产品盘存＿期末产品盘存
4．产品销售净额＝产品销售总额＿（销货退回＋销货折让）
5．产品销售利润＝产品销售净额＿产品销售成本＿产品销售税金＿（销售费用＋管理费用）
6．应纳税所得额＝产品销售利润＋其它业务利润＋营业外收入＿营业外支出
二、商业：
1．销货净额＝销货总额＿（销货退回＋销货折让）
2．销货成本＝期初商品盘存＋［本期进货＿（进货退出＋进货折让）＋进货费用］＿期末商品盘存
3．销货利润＝销货净额＿销货成本＿销货税金＿（销货费用＋管理费用）
4．应纳税所得额＝销货利润＋其它业务利润＋营业外收入＿营业外支出
三、服务业：
1．业务收入净额＝业务收入总额＿（业务收入税金＋营业支出＋管理费用）
2．应纳税所得额＝业务收入净额＋营业外收入＿营业外支出
四、其它行业：参照以上公式计算。
第十条 下列各项，在计算应纳税所得额时，不得列为成本、费用或损失：
一、机器设备、建筑设施等固定资产的购置、建造支出；
二、购进各项无形资产的支出；
三、资本的利息；
四、所得税税款和地方所得税税款；
五、违法经营的罚金和被没收财物的损失；
六、各项税收的滞纳金和罚款；
七、风、水、火等灾害损失有保险赔款部分；
八、用于中国境内公益、救济性质以外的捐赠款；
九、支付给总机构的特许权使用费；
十、与生产、经营业务无关的其他支出。
第十一条 外国企业支付给总机构同本企业生产、经营有关的合理的管理费，以及支付给总机构直接提供服务所发生的实际费用，应当提供总机构的证明文件和单据凭证，并附有注册会计师签证的会计报告，经企业所在地的税务机关审核同意后，可以列支。外国企业同中国企业合作生
产、合作经营，在合同中订有摊销总机构管理费的协议，经当地税务机关审核认可的，可以按照合同确定的方法列支。
第十二条 外国企业支付的借款利息，应当提供借款付息的证明文件，经当地税务机关审核，属于正常借款的，准予按合理的利率列支。
第十三条 外国企业用于同生产、经营业务有关的合理的交际应酬费，应当提供确实的记录或单据凭证，分别在下列限度内，准予作为费用列支：
一、全年销货净额在一千五百万元以下的，其交际应酬费不得超过销货净额的千分之三；全年销货净额超过一千五百万元的，其超过部分的交际应酬费，不得超过该部分销货净额的千分之一。
二、全年业务收入总额在五百万元以下的，其交际应酬费不得超过业务收入总额的千分之十；全年业务收入总额超过五百万元的，其超过部分的交际应酬费，不得超过该部分业务收入总额的千分之三。
第十四条 外国企业在用的固定资产，应当按期逐年计算折旧。固定资产是指使用年限在一年以上的房屋、建筑物、机器、机械、运输工具和其它与生产经营有关的设备等。不属于生产、经营主要设备的物品，单位价值在五百元以下，使用期限又较短的，可以按实际使用数列为费用。
第十五条 固定资产的计价，应当以原价为准。
外国企业同中国企业在合作生产、合作经营中，作为投资的固定资产，以合作各方议定的价格作为原价。
购进的固定资产，以进价加运费、安装费和使用前所发生的有关费用作为原价。
自制、自建的固定资产，以制造、建造过程中所发生的实际支出作为原价。
从国外运进自有已经使用过的固定资产，应当提供该项资产的原价和已使用年数的证明以及有关的市场价格资料，重新按质估价。不能提供确实证明的，由企业估价，报当地税务机关按质核定其价格。
第十六条 固定资产应当从投入使用的月份起计算折旧。年度中间停止使用的固定资产，应当自停用月份的次月起，停止计算折旧。
从事开采海洋石油资源的企业，在开发阶段的投资，以油（气）田为单位，全部累计作为资本支出，从本油（气）田开始商业性生产的月份起计算折旧。
第十七条 固定资产的折旧，应当先估计残值，从固定资产原价中减除，残值以原价的百分之十为原则；对于需要少留或不留残值的，应当报经当地税务机关批准；采用综合计算折旧的，可以不留残值。
固定资产的折旧，一般应当采用直线法平均计算。
第十八条 各类固定资产，计算折旧的年限如下：
一、房屋、建筑物，最短年限为二十年；
二、火车、轮船、机器设备和其它生产设备，最短年限为十年；
三、电子设备和火车、轮船以外的运输工具以及与生产经营业务有关的器具、工具、家具等，最短年限为五年。
外国企业由于特殊原因，需要加速折旧或改变折旧方法的，可以提出申请，经当地税务机关审核后，逐级上报财政部批准。
从事开采海洋石油资源的企业，在开发阶段及其以后的投资所形成的各类固定资产，可以综合计算折旧。折旧的年限，不得少于六年。
从事开采煤矿资源的企业，比照适用前款的规定。
第十九条 固定资产在使用过程中，因扩充、更换、翻修和技术改造而增加价值，并延长了使用年限的，所发生的支出，应当作为资本支出，不得列为费用。
固定资产提取折旧足额后仍可继续使用的，不再计算折旧。
第二十条 转让或变价处理固定资产的收入，减除未折旧的净额或残值后的差额，列为当年度的损益。
第二十一条 外国企业受让专利权、专有技术、商标权、版权、场地使用权和其它特许权等无形资产，按照合理的价格所支付的金额，从开始使用的月份起，分期摊销。
外国企业同中国企业在合作生产、合作经营中，作为投资的前款无形资产，可以按照协议、合同规定的金额，从开始使用的月份起，分期摊销。
前两款无形资产在受让时或者作为投资时规定有使用期限的，可以按照规定期限分期摊销；没有规定使用期限的，摊销期限不得少于十年。
第二十二条 外国企业在筹办期间所发生的费用，应当在开始生产、经营后，分期摊销。摊销期限不得少于五年。
从事开采海洋石油资源的企业所发生的合理的勘探费用，可以在已经开始商业性生产的油（气）田收入中分期摊销。摊销期限不得少于一年。
第二十三条 商品、原材料、在产品、半成品、产成品和副产品等的盘存，应当按照成本价计算。计算方法，可以在先进先出、移动平均和加权平均等方法中，由企业选用一种。需要变更计算方法的，应当报经当地税务机关批准。
第二十四条 外国企业不能提供准确的成本、费用凭证，不能正确计算应纳税所得额的，由当地税务机关按其销货净额或业务收入总额，参照同行业或类似行业的利润水平，核定其利润率，计算应纳税的所得额。
外国企业承包勘探、开发海洋石油资源的工程作业，按其承包收入总额核定利润率，计算应纳税的所得额。
第二十五条 外国的航空、海运企业从事国际运输业务，都以其在中国境内装载客货收入总额的百分之五为应纳税的所得额。
第二十六条 外国企业同中国企业合作生产，采取产品分成方式的，分得产品时，即为取得收入，按照卖给第三方的销售价格或参照当时的市场价格计算收入额。
从事合作开采海洋石油资源的外国企业，在分得原油时即为取得收入，按参照国际市场同类品质的原油价进行定期调整的价格，计算收入额。
第二十七条 税法第十一条所说的来源于中国的股息、利息、租金、特许权使用费和其它所得，解释如下：
股息，是指从中国境内企业取得的股息或分享的利润；
利息，是指从中国境内取得的存款、贷款的利息；购买各种债券的利息以及垫付款、延期付款等项的利息；
租金，是指将财产租给中国境内租用者而取得的租金；
特许权使用费，是指提供在中国境内使用的各种专利权、专有技术、版权、商标权等而取得的收入；
其它所得，是指上述各项所得以外，经财政部确定征税的所得。
第二十八条 前条所说来源于中国的股息、利息、租金、特许权使用费和其它所得，除另有规定者外，都按照收入全额计算应纳税额，税款由支付单位在每次支付的款额中扣缴。
第二十九条 税法第十一条所说国际金融组织，是指联合国所属国际货币基金组织、世界银行、国际开发协会、农业发展基金组织等金融机构；所说优惠利率，是指比国际金融市场一般利率至少低百分之十的利率。
第三十条 税法第十一条所说的中国国家银行，包括中国人民银行、中国银行、中国农业银行、中国人民建设银行、中国投资银行和经国务院批准的对外经营外汇存放款信贷业务的国际信托投资公司等。
第三十一条 税法第十一条第四款所说的存款利息所得，不包括外国银行在中国国家银行按照低于国际金融市场利率的存款所取得的利息。低于国际金融市场利率的存款利息所得，免征所得税。
第三十二条 税法第十一条所说支付的款额，包括现金支付、汇拨支付、转帐支付的金额，以及用有价证券、实物支付时折算的金额。
第三十三条 税法第七条规定的分季预缴所得税额，可以按照实际计算的季度利润额预缴，也可以按照本年度计划利润额或上年度所得额计算的应纳税额的四分之一预缴。
第三十四条 外国企业营业不满一年的，按照实际营业期间的所得额，适用税法所规定的税率，计算缴纳所得税。
第三十五条 外国企业的开业、停业，应当分别在开业后或停业前三十天内，按照税法第十条的规定，向当地税务机关办理开业或停业的税务登记。
第三十六条 外国企业在纳税年度内无论盈利或亏损，都应当按照规定期限，向当地税务机关报送所得税申报表和会计决算报表；除另有规定者外，还应当附送在中华人民共和国登记的注册会计师的查帐报告。
第三十七条 外国企业如遇特殊原因，不能按照规定期限报送纳税申报表时，应当在报送期限内提出申请，经当地税务机关批准，可以适当延长，并相应延长汇算清缴的期限。缴纳税款期限和报送报表期限的最后一日，如遇公休假日，可以顺延。
第三十八条 外国企业的财务收支以实行权责发生制为原则。各项会计记录必须正确、完整，都应当有合法的凭证作为记帐依据。
第三十九条 外国企业所用会计凭证、帐簿和报表，应当使用中国文字记载，也可以使用中、外两种文字。
会计凭证、帐簿和报表，至少保存十五年。
第四十条 外国企业的销货发票和营业收款凭证，应当报经当地税务机关批准后，方可使用。
第四十一条 税务机关派出人员，对企业的财务、会计和纳税情况进行检查时，应当出示证件，并负责保密。
第四十二条 外国企业所得为外国货币的，分季预缴所得税，应当按照填开纳税凭证当日国家外汇管理总局公布的外汇牌价，折合成人民币缴纳税款；年度终了后汇算清缴所得税应补、应退的税款，按照纳税年度终了的最后一日国家外汇管理总局公布的外汇牌价，折合成人民币进行退
补。
第四十三条 外国企业违反税法第八条、第九条第一款、第十条、第十二条规定的，税务机关根据情节轻重，可处以五千元以下的罚金。
第四十四条 外国企业违反本细则第三十九条第二款、第四 十条规定的，税务机关根据情节轻重，可处以五千元以下的罚金。
第四十五条 税法第十五条第三款所说的偷税、抗税，解释如下：
偷税，是指纳税人有意违反税法规定，伪造、涂改、销毁帐册、票据或记帐凭证，虚列、多报成本、费用，隐瞒、少报应纳税的所得额或收入额，逃避纳税或骗回已纳税款等违法行为。
抗税，是指纳税人违抗税法规定，拒不办理纳税申报和提供纳税证明文件、单据凭证；拒绝接受税务机关对财务、会计和纳税情况进行检查；拒不依法缴纳税款、罚金等违法行为。
第四十六条 税务机关根据税法和本细则规定处以罚金的案件，应当填发违章案件处理通知书。
第四十七条 外国企业按照税法第十六条的规定，提出申请复议的案件，税务机关应当在接到申请后三个月内作出处理决定。
第四十八条 外国企业所得税申报表和纳税凭证，由中华人民共和国财政部税务总局统一印制。
第四十九条 本细则的解释权，属于中华人民共和国财政部。
第五十条 本细则以《中华人民共和国外国企业所得税法》的公布施行日期为施行日期。
Detailed Rules and Regulations for the Implementation of theForeign Enterprise Income Tax Law of the People's Republic of China
(Approved by the State Council on February 17, 1982; Promulgatedby the Ministry of Finance on February 21, 1982)
Whole Doc.
Article 1
The Detailed Rules and Regulations are formulated in accordance with
the provisions of Article 18 of the Income Tax Law of the People's
Republic of China Concerning Foreign Enterprises (hereinafter called Tax
Law).
Article 2
"Establishments" mentioned in Article 1 of the Tax Law refer to
organizations, places or business agents established in Chinese territory
by foreign enterprises and engaged in production and business operations.
The organizations and places mentioned in the preceding paragraph
mainly include management offices, branches, representative offices,
factories and places where natural resources are exploited and where
contracted projects of building, installations, assembly and exploration
are operated.
Article 3
Foreign enterprises and Chinese enterprises engaged in any
cooperative production or joint business operation should, unless separate
provisions are stipulated, each pay their income taxes respectively.
Article 4
"Income derived from production and business" mentioned in Article 1
of the Tax Law refers to income from the production and business
operations by foreign enterprises in industry, mining, communications,
transportation, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fisheries,
poultry farming, commerce, service and other trades.
Income from other sources as mentioned in Article 1 of the Tax Law
covers dividends, interest, income from lease or sale of property, income
from transfer of patents, technical know-how, trademark interests, or
copyright and other non-business income.
Article 5
The taxable income for assessing the local income tax as mentioned in
Article 4 of the Tax Law is the same as the taxable income mentioned in
Article 3 of the Tax Law, i.e. it is calculated according to the formulas
given in Article 9 of the Detailed Rules and Regulations.
Article 6
Enterprises engaged in small-scaled production or business and
enterprises of low profits, as mentioned in Paragraph 2 of Article 4 of
the Tax Law, refer to foreign enterprises with an annual income of less
than 1,000,000 RMB yuan.
Article 7
Foreign enterprises scheduled to operate in low-profit occupations,
as mentioned in Article 5 of the Tax Law, include those low- profit
enterprises engaged in exploiting coal mineral resources in deep wells.
Article 8
The tax year for foreign enterprises starts from January 1 and ends
on December 31 on the Gregorian Calendar.
Where a foreign enterprise finds it difficult to compute its income
of the tax year as stipulated in the preceding paragraph, it may apply to
the local tax authorities for approval to use its own 12-month fiscal year
for tax computation and payment.
Article 9
The taxable income shall be calculated in accordance with the
following formulas:
a. Industry:
1. Production costs of the year = Direct materials used up in
production of the year + direct wages + manufacturing expenses
2. Cost of the product of the year = Production costs of the year
+ inventory of products semi-finished and in process of production at the
beginning of the year - inventory of products semi-finished and in process
of production at the end of the year
3. Cost of the sales of the product = Cost of the product of the
year + inventory of the product at the beginning of the year - inventory
of the product at the end of the year
4. Net sales of the product = Gross sales of the product -
(sales return + sales allowance)
5. Profit from sales of the product = Net sales of the product -
tax on the sales of the product - cost of the sales of the product -
(selling expenses + overhead expenses)
6. Taxable Income = Profit from sales of the product + profit
from other operations + non-business income - non-business expenditure
b. Commerce:
1. Net sales = Gross sales - (sales return + sales allowance)
2. Cost of sales = Inventory of merchandise at the beginning of
the year + [Purchases of the year - (purchase returned + purchase
discount) + purchase expenses] - inventory of merchandise at the end of
the year
3. Profit of sales = Net sales - cost of sales - tax on sales
(selling expenses + overhead expenses)
4. Taxable income = Profit of sales + profit from other
operations + non-business income - non-business expenditure
c. Service trades:
1. Net business income = Gross business income - (tax on business
+ operating expenses + overhead expenses)
2. Taxable income = Net business income + non-business income -
non-business expenditure
d. Other trades:
For other trades, refer to the above mentioned formulas for
calculation.
Article 10
The following items shall not be counted as cost, expenses or loss in
calculating the taxable income:
1. Expenditure on the purchase or construction of machinery,
equipment, building facilities and other fixed assets;
2. Expenditure on the purchase of intangible assets;
3. Interest on equity capital;
4. Income tax payment and local income tax payment;
5. Penalty for illegal operations and losses in the form of
confiscated property;
6. Overdue tax payment and tax penalty;
7. Losses from windstorms, floods and fire covered by insurance
indemnity;
8. Donations and contributions other than those for public welfare
and relief purposes in China;
9. Royalties paid to the head offices;
10. Other expenses that are not relevant to production and business
operation.
Article 11
Reasonable overhead expenses that are relevant to production and
operation paid by a foreign enterprise to its head office and actual
expenses paid to its head office for services directly provided may be
listed as expenses on the condition that the said expenses are backed up
by certificates and vouchers from the head office, together with a
financial report signed by a chartered public accountant, and examined and
approved by the local tax authorities.
Where a foreign enterprise is engaged in co-operative production and
joint business operation with a Chinese enterprise and an agreement has
been reached and included in the signed contract for the sharing of
overhead expenses of the head office, such payments may be listed as
expenses in accordance with the confirmed method in the contract after
being examined and ratified by the local tax authorities.
Article 12
Foreign enterprises are permitted to list as expenses the interest
payments on loans at reasonable rates on the condition that the loans and
interest payments are backed up by certifying documents and, after being
examined by the local tax authorities, are considered as being of normal
terms.
Article 13
Reasonable entertainment expenses paid by foreign enterprises that
are relevant to production and business income more than 5,000,000 RMB
yuan, the vouchers and documents, and then may be listed as expenses
within the following limits respectively:
1. For enterprises with annual net sales less than 15,000,000 RMB
yuan, the reasonable entertainment expenses shall not be in excess of
0.3%, or three thousandths, of the net sales; for those with annual net
sales more than 15,000,000 RMB yuan, the expenses for that portion above
the limit shall not exceed 0.1%, or one thousandth, of the said portion.
2. For enterprises with annual total business income less than
5,000,000 RMB yuan, the reasonable entertainment expenses shall not be in
excess of 1%, or ten thousandths, of the total business income, for those
with annual total business income more than 5,000,000 RMB yuan, the
expenses for that portion above the limit shall not exceed 3 , or three
thousandths, of the said portion.
Article 14
Depreciation of fixed assets of foreign enterprises in use shall be
calculated on an annual basis. The fixed assets cover houses, buildings,
machinery and other mechanical apparatuses, means of transport and other
equipment for the purpose of production or business operations with useful
life of more than one year. But articles with a per-unit value of less
than 500 RMB yuan and a shorter useful life that are not main equipment
for production or operation, can be itemized as expenses according to the
actual quantity in use.
Article 15
Fixed assets shall be assessed according to the original value. For
fixed assets counted as an investment by foreign enterprises and Chinese
enterprises engaged in co-operative production and business operation, the
original value shall be the price of the assets agreed upon by all
participants at the time of co-operation.
For purchased fixed assets, the original value shall be the purchase
price plus freight, installation expenses and other related expenses
incurred before they are put into use.
For self-made and self-built fixed assets, the original value shall
be the actual expenditures incurred in the course of manufacture of
construction.
For self-owned and used fixed assets that are shipped in from abroad,
the documents certifying their original value and the number of years in
use, together with reference data on their market price, shall be
presented and their actual value shall be reassessed according to the
quality. For assets without certifying documents, the value shall be
assessed by the enterprise and submitted to the local tax authorities for
examination and approval in accordance with the quality of the assets.
Article 16
Depreciation of fixed assets shall be calculated starting from the
month when the assets are put into use. Depreciation shall no longer be
calculated starting from the month following that in which the fixed
assets cease to be used.
For enterprises engaged in exploiting off-shore petroleum resources,
all investments at the stage of exploration shall be counted as capital
expenditure with the oil (gas) field as a unit, and depreciation shall be
calculated starting from the month when the oil (gas) field begins to go
into production for commercial purposes.
Article 17
In calculating depreciation on fixed assets, the residual value shall
be assessed first and deducted from the original value, the principle
being to make the residual value about 10 per cent of the original value;
those assets to retain a lower or no residual value shall be submitted for
approval to the local tax authorities. If the depreciation is calculated
in accordance with a composite life method, residual value may not be
retained.
Depreciation on fixed assets shall generally be computed in average
under the straight-line method.
Article 18
The depreciation period for various kinds of fixed assets is set as
follows:
1. The minimum depreciation period for houses and buildings is 20
years;
2. The minimum depreciation period for trains, ships, machines and
equipment and other apparatuses for the purpose of production is 10 years;
3. The minimum depreciation period for electronic equipment, means of
transport other than trains and ships, as well as appliances, tools and
furniture relevant to production and operation is 5 years.
For cases where the depreciation on fixed assets of foreign
enterprises, owing to special reasons, needs to be accelerated or to be
computed under modified methods, applications may be submitted to the
local tax authorities for examination and then relayed level by level to
the Ministry of Finance for approval.
Depreciation of various kinds of fixed assets resulting from the
investments of enterprises engaged in exploiting offshore petroleum
resources, during and after the stage of exploration, may be calculated in
accordance with a composite life method. The depreciation period shall not
be less than six years.
For enterprises engaged in exploiting coal mineral resources, the
provisions of the preceding paragraph may also be applied.
Article 19
Expenditures arising from enlargement, replacement, refitting and
technical innovation and resulting in the increase of value of fixed
assets in use, should be regarded as capital expenditure, and shall not be
listed as expenses.
For the fixed assets remaining in use after the full depreciation
period, no depreciation shall be allowed.
Article 20
The balance of the proceeds from the alienation or disposal of fixed
assets at the current price, after the net unamortized value or the
residual value of the assets is deducted, shall be entered into the profit
and loss account for the current year.
Article 21
For intangible assets such as patents, technical know-how, trademark
interests, copyright, right to use sites and other franchises that are
alienated to foreign enterprises, the payment made by the enterprises at
reasonable prices shall be amortized from the month they come into use.
Intangible assets mentioned in the preceding paragraph and counted as
the investment by foreign and Chinese enterprises in co-operative
production and business operation, may be amortized on the basis of the
assessed value as provided in the agreements or contracts from the month
they come into use.
The intangible assets mentioned in the preceding two paragraphs that
are alienated to or counted as investment by the foreign enterprises with
the provision of time limit for use, shall be assessed and amortized
according to the time limit; those without such provision shall be
assessed and amortized in a period not less than 10 years.
Article 22
Expenses arising during the period of preparation for a foreign
enterprise shall be amortized after it goes into production or business in
a period not less than five years.
Reasonable exploration expenses incurred by foreign enterprises
engaged in exploiting off-shore petroleum resources may be amortized from
the revenues derived from the oil (or gas) field that has gone into
production for commercial purposes, but the time limit of such
amortization shall not be less than one year.
Article 23
Inventory of merchandise, raw materials, products in process of
production, semi-finished products, finished products and by- products
shall be valued according to the cost price. For the method of
computation, the enterprises may choose one out of the following: first-in
first-out, shifting average and weighted average. In case a change in the
method of computation is necessary, it shall be submitted to the local tax
authorities for approval.
Article 24
If a foreign enterprise cannot provide accurate evidence of costs and
expenses and cannot correctly work out its taxable income, the local tax
authorities shall appraise and determine its profit rate with reference to
the profit level of other enterprises of the same or similar trade, and
then calculate its taxable income on the basis of its net sales or its
gross business income.
The taxable income of a foreign enterprise engaged in contracted
projects for exploring and exploiting off-shore petroleum resources shall
be calculated according to the profit rate appraised and determined in
relation to its gross income of the contract.
Article 25
For foreign air and ocean shipping enterprises engaged in
international transport business, the taxable income shall be 5 per cent
of the gross income from transport services for passengers and cargoes
within the Chinese territory.
Article 26
Foreign enterprises engaged in cooperative production with Chinese
enterprises on the basis of proration of products are considered as
receiving income when such products are distributed, and the amount of
their income shall be computed according to the prices at which the
products are sold to the third party or with reference to the prevailing
market prices of the products.
Foreign enterprises engaged in cooperative exploitation of off-shore
petroleum resources are considered as receiving income when they receive
their share of crude oil, and the amount of their income shall be computed
according to the prices which are regularly adjusted with reference to the
international market price of crude oil of equal quality.
Article 27
The income of dividends interest, rentals, royalties and other
sources in China as mentioned in Article 11 of the Tax Law is explained as
follows:
"Dividends" refer to the dividends or the share of profits obtained
from enterprises in China.
"Interest" refers to interest earned from deposits and loans,
interest on various bonds purchased and interest earned from payments made
for others and from deferred payments in China.
"Rentals" refer to rentals on properties rented to persons in China.
"Royalties" refer to income obtained from the provision of various
patents, technical know-how, copyright and trademark interests for use in
China.
"Incomes from other sources" refer to incomes specified to be taxable
by the Ministry of Finance other than those mentioned above.
Article 28
The income of dividends, interest, rentals, royalties and other
sources in China as mentioned in the preceding article, with the exception
of those for which separate provisions are stipulated, shall be assessed
on its full amount, and the tax to be paid shall be withheld by the paying
unit from each payment.
Article 29
"International finance organizations" as mentioned in Article 11 of
the Tax Law refer to the International Monetary Fund, the International
Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), the International
Development Association, the International Fund for Agricultural
Development and other finance organizations of the UN
The "preferential interest rate" mentioned therein refers to a rate
that is at least 10 per cent less than the general prevailing interest
rate in the international financial market.
Article 30
"China's state banks" mentioned in Article 11 of the Tax Law include
the People's Bank of China, the Bank of China, the Agricultural Bank of
China, the People's Construction Bank of China, the Investment Bank of
China, and China International Trust and Investment Corporation which has
been authorized by the State Council to be engaged in business of foreign
exchange deposits, loans and credits with foreign clients.
Article 31
"Income derived from interest on deposits", as mentioned in Paragraph
4 of Article 11 of the Tax Law shall not include the interest on deposits
of foreign banks in China's state banks at a rate of interest lower than
that prevailing in the international financial market. Income from
interest on deposits at a rate lower than that prevailing in the
international financial market shall be exempted from income tax.
Article 32
Payments of income, as mentioned in Article 11 of the Tax Law,
include payments in cash, payments by remittance, payments through
transfer accounts, as well as payments made in marketable securities or in
kind which are rendered into equivalent amounts of money.
Article 33
Income tax to be paid provisionally in quarterly installments as
stipulated in Article 7 of the Tax Law may be paid according to the actual
quarterly profit, or it may be paid on one-fourth of the taxable income
calculated on the basis of the planned profit for the current year or the
actual income in the preceding year.
Article 34
For foreign enterprises which have operated for less than a year, the
income tax shall be assessed on the actual income earned in the operation
period at the applicable tax rate prescribed by the Tax Law.
Article 35
When foreign enterprises go into operation or close down, such
enterprises shall, within 30 days after starting operation or before
closing down, go to the local tax authorities for the relevant tax
registration according to Article 10 of the Tax Law.
Article 36
Foreign enterprises shall file their income tax returns and final
accounting statements with the local tax authorities within the prescribed
period irrespective of making profit or loss in the tax year and, unless
otherwise stipulated, shall send in at the same time the audit certificate
of the chartered public accountants registered in the People's Republic of
China.
Article 37
In case of failure to submit the tax returns within the prescribed
time limit owing to special circumstances, the foreign enterprise should
submit application to the local tax authorities within the said time
limit, and the time limit for filing tax returns and accordingly that for
final settlement may be appropriately extended upon the latter's approval.
The final day of the time limit for tax payment and that for filing
tax returns may be extended if it falls upon an official holiday.
Article 38
The revenue and expenditure of foreign enterprises shall in principle
be accounted on accrual basis. All accounting records shall be accurate
and complete, and shall have lawful vouchers as the basis for entries.
Article 39
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